How does a child learn the language
Language is a sign or symbols of objects, and refers to certain purposes. Words, sentences, and languages always display certain meanings (Kartini Kartono, 1990: 47). Language is never separated from human life. Elizabeth B. Hourlock revealed, preschoolers begin at the age of 2 years to 6 years. In this case, language skills, especially speaking, are the most appropriate means for the development of Indonesian in preschool children.
Early childhood education is a coaching effort shown to children from birth to the age of six years which is carried out through the provision of educational stimuli to help growth and physical and spiritual development so that children have readiness to enter further education (Law on the National Education System in article 1 verse 14). For this reason, the need for educational programs designed in accordance with the stages of child development.
Early childhood is an individual who is undergoing a process of rapid and fundamental development. Early childhood has a world and characteristics that are different from adults. they are active, dynamic, enthusiastic, creative, and very curious about various types of things from the start that are seen and done by someone. sometimes children are also egocentric (children see, feel, and think only from their point of view and cannot yet place themselves against other people's point of view), early childhood is a unique individual, rich in fantasy, and an important time for learning.
One aspect that needs to be developed and studied early is language. because at this age the child will optimize all his knowledge, this will later determine the success of the child at the next stage. And that success can be seen from the development of the language he uses to communicate. For this reason, children will learn in addition to mother tongue (first). In addition, the child's brain will be able to easily absorb language.
Language is a tool used to communicate everyday. Both in oral and written form because without language the child will not be able to express his desires and understand something. language is a tool for sharing experiences, and a means of connecting to interact with people. For early childhood language development must be fostered and built and developed as much as possible and this is where the role of parents in helping children to be able to master the language which will affect their intellectual intelligence.
Language development in children does not only consist of talking but also listening, reading, and writing in the development of language there are three things that need to be discussed (patmanodew, 2008), namely as follows:
a. There is a difference between language and speaking ability. Language is usually understood as a complicated system of grammar while speech ability consists of expressions in the form of words.
b. there are two areas of language growth namely receptive language and expressive statements. Understanding languages such as listening and reading while expressive languages such as speech and writing.
c. communication yourself or speak inwardly, children will talk to themselves when they are fantasizing about something.
Language Development in Early Childhood
Language development in early ugly children suppresses the development of listening, speaking, and early reading. Language development according to Vygotsky (in Masitoh, 2003: 13) which states that children learn language from adults collaboratively, after that it is analized and consciously used as a means of thinking and controlling devices
language development proposed by Lamberg (in Martinis 2010: 137) that the development of language as a child follows and is in accordance with its unpredictable biological development schedule. As a matter of fact Chomsky (in Martinis 2010: 141) says that language acquisition is natural and is an ongoing instinctive process and runs in boarding from time to time by following a genetic schedule in accordance with the principles and parameters found in Universal grammar .
In the development of language there are three aspects of language that children directly and indirectly learn. These three aspects cover aspects of sound, structure, and vocabulary.
The development of the language / sound of children appears when he is a baby. he was able to listen and could distinguish or know the voice of his mother with his interlocutor. And this proves that when children are babies they can learn sounds. And at the initial stage the child can recognize sounds such as sounds a, i, u, e, o and consonants like p, b, m. If this mastery of sound experiences a malfunction, then the next stage of the child can be babbled, which later the child has the ability to recognize complex sentence structures.
The development of the sentence structure or grammar of the child is not much different from the development of the baby. In pre-school childhood, children have mastered the structure of the language. This mastery starts from mastering the structure of words such as mama eating or hungry mama and so on.
Child vocabulary development occurs when other aspects of language development are influenced by a high sense of curiosity about something. Therefore, the three musty will affect the child's ability to lament others in communication.
There are several stages of developing language skills in children, including:
1. Reflexive vocalization occurs between the ages of 0-1 months. It usually occurs in a baby while crying, the sound of crying is called reflex which means unconsciously or spontaneously.
2. Babling occurs at the age of 1 month. Usually it is marked when a baby feels hungry then he will cry, this cry is not the same as reflexsive vicalization which means reflex or spontaneous crying. This cry is issued by the baby according to the wishes or wishes of the baby.
3. Lalling occurs at the age of 1-2 months. At this stage the baby can give out unclear sounds, the baby can hear at 2-6 months and say syllables like: ma ... ma ... ba ... ba ...
4. Echolaila occurs at the age of 10 months, at this stage the baby can imitate the sound he hears and uses his facial expressions when he wants to ask for something.
5. True speech occurs at the age of 18 months, on this path usually babies can speak correctly but the pronunciation is still not perfect.
As for according to lundsteen developmental stages in a child are as follows:
1. Pre linguistic stage
At the age of 0-3 months, audible sounds usually originate from within and from the throat
At the age of 3-12 months the sound that is released uses the lips and palate for example ma, ba, pa and does not use sound from the throat.
2. Protolinguitic stage
At the age of 1-2 years, children have started to speak a few words / vocabulary can reach 200-300.
3. Linguistic stage
At the age of 2-6 years, children begin to learn grammar and vocabulary development reaches 3000
Whereas at the age of children after 4-6 years, the development of language skills is characterized by various abilities as follows
a. Already able to replace my pronoun in communication
b. It has verb vocabulary, adjectives, word conditions, question words, and conjunctions.
c. Showing understanding and understanding of something
d. Able to express thoughts, and feelings and actions using simple sentences
e. Able to read, express something through an image.
This condition is affected by nerve cells in the brain. Even the experts revealed that the potential that arises must be given a positive stimulus so that the potential that exists in children can be optimal while if stimuli are given negatively the potential of the child will be hidden and indirectly will reduce the function of brain nerve cells.
Field of Development of Children's Language Development for Early Childhood
Language ability is one aspect that can affect a child's creativity. The field of early childhood language development includes:
1. Hear and speak
The purpose of this activity is that children can respond to what they are listening to or understanding, help children talk to be more confident, develop vocabulary sounds, enjoy stories and content of books.
2. Early reading
The purpose of this activity is to develop knowledge about letters and motivate children to like reading activities.
Factors Affecting Child Language Development are
1. Health factors
This factor affects the development of children's language because if during the age of 2 years the child experiences poor health, the language development is disturbed
2. Intelligence
Children who have a normal level of intelligence usually experience rapid language development, while children who experience mental retardation will be very difficult in communicating
3. Family socio-economic status
According to research that most children who come from families are very less able to experience delays in language development, this is due to lack of child learning opportunities
4. Gender
Girls have a faster development than boys
5. Family relations
Children who have relationships with healthy families can facilitate the development of their language. Conversely, if the relationship with his family is not healthy, the development of children will usually experience abnormalities
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